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Against the position that most Germans did not resist the Nazis, or even that Nazism was a largely uncontested outcome of Germany history, I shall be considering the level of organised resistance to the Nazis from within the working class movement in Nazi Germany.

Despite the leadership of the two major left parties – the Communists and Social Democrats – either being arrested or having fled, their members separately organised heroic, yet largely unheard of, attempts at resistance in their localities.

I shall touch on the remarkable resistance by local youth, the role played by forced foreign exiled workers and the – undoubtedly limited – attempts by railway workers to sabotage the train system. I shall finally briefly raise the question of similarities between then and now.

Merilyn Moos was born in Oxford to refugee parents who had been active anti-Nazi Germans who fled in 1933. She grew up in Durham where she went to the local Grammar School, then getting a degree at the University of Oxford. She became an FE and HE lecturer, Branch Secretary of her union branch and active anti-racist.

After retirement, she has had published a wide number of books, including  a couple on anti-Nazi Germans. She is on the editorial board of Socialist History and is ex-Chair of the Retired branch of London UCU.